Rudolf Virchow Father of Modern Pathology

Rudolf Virchow (born October 13, 1821 in Shivelbein, Kingdom of Prussia) was a German physician who made a number of strides in medicine, public health, and other fields such as archaeology. Virchow is known as the father of modern pathology—the study of disease. He advanced the theory of how cells form, particularly the idea that every cell comes from another cell. Virchow’s work helped bring more scientific rigor to medicine. Many prior theories had not been based on scientific observations and experiments. Fast Facts: Rudolf Virchow Full name: Rudolf Ludwig Carl VirchowKnown For: German physician known as the â€Å"father of pathology.†Parents’ Names: Carl Christian Siegfried Virchow, Johanna Maria Hesse.Born: October 13, 1821 in Schivelbein, Prussia.Died: September 5, 1902 in Berlin, Germany.Spouse: Rose Mayer.Children: Karl, Hans, Ernst, Adele, Marie, and Hanna Elisabeth.Interesting Fact: Virchow was an advocate for government involvement in public health, increased education, and social medicine—the idea that better social and economic conditions could improve people’s health. He stated that â€Å"physicians are the natural advocates of the poor.† Early Life and Education Rudolf Virchow was born on October 13, 1821 in Shivelbein, Kingdom of Prussia (now Ã…Å¡widwin, Poland). He was the only child of Carl Christian Siegfried Virchow, a farmer and treasurer, and Johanna Maria Hesse. At a young age, Virchow already exhibited extraordinary intellectual abilities, and his parents paid for extra lessons to advance Virchows education. Virchow attended the local elementary school at Shivelbein and was the best student in his class in high school. In 1839, Virchow was awarded a scholarship to study medicine from the Prussian Military Academy, which would prepare him to become an army physician. Virchow studied at the Friedrich-Wilhelm Institut, part of the University of Berlin. There, he worked with Johannes Mà ¼ller and Johann Schà ¶nlein, two medicine professors who exposed Virchow to experimental laboratory techniques. Print Collector/Getty Images / Getty Images Work After graduating in 1843, Virchow became an intern at a German teaching hospital in Berlin, where he learned the basics of microscopy and the theories on the causes and treatment of diseases while working with Robert Froriep, a pathologist. At the time, scientists believed that they could understand nature by working from first principles rather than concrete observations and experiments. As such, many theories were incorrect or misleading. Virchow aimed to change medicine to become more scientific, based on data gathered from the world. Virchow became a licensed doctor in 1846, traveling to Austria and Prague. In 1847, he became an instructor at the University of Berlin. Virchow had a profound impact on German medicine and taught a number of people who would later become influential scientists, including two of the four physicians who founded Johns Hopkins Hospital. Virchow also began a new journal called Archives for Pathological Anatomy and Physiology and Clinical Medicine with a colleague in 1847. The journal is now known as Virchow’s Archives and remains an influential publication in pathology. In 1848, Virchow helped evaluate typhus outbreaks in Silesia, a poor area in what is now Poland. This experience impacted Virchow and he became an advocate for government involvement in public health, increased education, and social medicine—the idea that better social and economic conditions could improve people’s health. In 1848, for example, Virchow helped establish a weekly publication called Medical Reform, which promoted social medicine and the idea that â€Å"physicians are the natural advocates of the poor.† In 1849, Virchow became the chair in pathological anatomy at the University of Wà ¼rzberg in Germany. At Wà ¼rzberg, Virchow helped establish cellular pathology—the idea that disease stems from changes in healthy cells. In 1855, he published his famous saying, omnis cellula e cellula (â€Å"Every cell comes from another cell†). Although Virchow was not the first to come up with this idea, it gathered much more recognition thanks to Virchow’s publication. In 1856, Virchow became the first director of the Pathological Institute at the University of Berlin. Alongside his research, Virchow remained active in politics, and in 1859 was elected as the city councilor of Berlin, a position he held for 42 years. As city councilor, he helped improve, among other things, Berlin’s meat inspection, water supply, and hospital systems. He was also active in Germany’s national politics, becoming a founding member of the German Progressive Party. In 1897, Virchow was recognized for 50 years of service to the University of Berlin. In 1902, Virchow jumped out of a moving tram and injured his hip. His health continued to deteriorate until his death later that year. Personal Life Virchow married Rose Mayer, the daughter of a colleague, in 1850. They had six children together: Karl, Hans, Ernst, Adele, Marie, and Hanna Elisabeth. Honors and Awards Virchow was given a number of awards during his lifetime for both his scientific and political accomplishments, including: 1861, Foreign Member, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences1862, Member, Prussian House of Representatives1880, Member, Reichstag of the German Empire1892, Copley Medal, British Royal Society A number of medical terms have also been named after Virchow. Death Virchow died on September 5, 1902 in Berlin, Germany, due to heart failure. He was 80 years old. Legacy and Impact Virchow made a number of important advances in medicine and public health, including recognizing leukemia and describing myelin, though he is most well known for his work in cellular pathology. He also contributed to anthropology, archaeology, and other fields outside of medicine. Leukemia Virchow performed autopsies that involved looking at body tissue underneath the microscope. As a result of one of these autopsies, he identified and named the disease leukemia, which is a cancer that affects the bone marrow and blood. Zoonosis Virchow discovered that the human disease trichinosis could be traced to parasitic worms in raw or undercooked pork. This discovery, along with other research at the time, led Virchow to postulate zoonosis, a disease or infection that can be transmitted from animals to humans. Cellular pathology Virchow is most known for his work on cellular pathology—the idea that disease stems from changes in healthy cells, and that each disease only affects a certain set of cells rather than the entire organism. Cellular pathology was groundbreaking in medicine because diseases, which were previously categorized by symptoms, could be much more precisely defined and diagnosed with anatomy, resulting in more effective treatments. Sources Kearl, Megan. â€Å"Rudolf Carl Virchow (1821-1902).† The Embryo Project Encyclopedia, Arizona State University, 17 Mar. 2012, embryo.asu.edu/pages/rudolf-carl-virchow-1821-1902.Reese, David M. â€Å"Fundamentals: Rudolf Virchow and Modern Medicine.† The Western Journal of Medicine, vol. 169, no. 2, 1998, pp. 105–108.Schultz, Myron. â€Å"Rudolf Virchow.† Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol. 14, no. 9, 2008, pp. 1480–1481.Stewart, Doug. â€Å"Rudolf Virchow.† Famouscientists.org, Famous Scientists, www.famousscientists.org/rudolf-virchow/.Underwood, E. Ashworth. â€Å"Rudolf Virchow: German Scientist.† Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Inc., 4 May 1999, www.britannica.com/biography/Rudolf-Virchow.

The s The Egg And The Sperm - 899 Words

The Construction and Use of Nature for Authority One common perception of nature is that it is something raw, untouched by human civilization. This point of view suggests that humans are completely separated by nature and that our cultures and technologies are in some way unnatural. However, I believe that not only are we a part of nature, but our cultures are also deeply entwined with how we view nature. In this paper, I will review Emily Martin’s The Egg and the Sperm: How Science Has Constructed a Romance Based on Stereotypical Male-Female Roles as well as Michael Pollen’s Why ‘Natural’ Doesn’t Mean Anything Anymore in order to examine how nature, culture, and power relate with each other. Martin asserts that gender stereotypes affect biologists’ description of the natural world, particularly in the human reproduction process. Pollen makes a case that nature in fact lacks any meaning yet is often used as strong rhetoric. I argue that nature is constructed through cultural values and is used for rhetorical purposes, which shows that people manipulate facts in order to gain authority. Martin investigates how cultural stereotypes of the two sexes are subtly incorporated into descriptions of the egg and sperm in scientific papers. She expresses that giving stereotypical roles to the egg and sperm has the â€Å"power to naturalize our social conventions about gender† (501). By associating the egg with feminine traits and the sperm with masculine traits, scientists make theseShow MoreRelatedIvf Is The Process Of Removing Eggs From A Woman s Ovaries And Mixed With Sperm Essay2543 Words   |  11 Pagesremoving eggs from a woman’s ovaries and mixed with sperm in a laboratory culture dish. 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Bargaining Power Is the Ability to Influence the Setting of Prices Free Essays

Bargaining power is the ability to influence the setting of prices. Buyer power refers to the ability of customers of the industry to influence the price and terms of purchase. The bargaining power of customers is also described as the market of outputs. We will write a custom essay sample on Bargaining Power Is the Ability to Influence the Setting of Prices or any similar topic only for you Order Now The ability of customers to put the firm under pressure, which also affects the customer’s sensitivity to price changes. Bargaining power of buyers occurs when leverage is given to the buyer and demand for lower prices, increased quality and more services are made. The amount of power enjoyed by a buyer group maybe determined by the concentration of buyers or volume of purchase. Additional occasion for high levels of buyer’s power may occur when the purchase represents a large portion of the buyer’s overall expenditures, if differentiation and switching costs are low, if there is likelihood of backward integration and if the buyer is fully informed about demand, market prices and supplier cost. The power of buyers is the impact that customers have on a producing industry. In general, when buyer power is strong, the relationship to the producing industry is near to what an economist terms a monophony a market in which there are many suppliers and one buyer. Under such market conditions, the buyer sets the price. In reality few pure monopolies exist, but frequently there is some asymmetry between a producing industry and buyers. The following tables outline some factors that determine buyer power. Buyers are Powerful if: Buyers purchase a significant proportion of output distribution of purchases or if the product is standardized. or example-Circuit City and Sears’ large retail market provides power over appliance manufacturers. Buyers are weak if: Buyers are fragmented, no buyer has any particular influence on product or price. For example in garments industry there are so many kinds of customers there in the market. Prices are set by supply and demand and the market reaches the Pareto-optimal point where the highest possible number of buyers ar e satisfied at a price that still allow for the supplier to be profitable. In garments industry some of them are facing powerful buyers and some are facing weak buyers. ike sub-dealer of boo tic stores have a limited set of potential clients, each commanding a large share of their market these industries are having strong buyers. When retailers face individual consumers with little or no power at all that means now the garments industry has a weak buyer. In the garments industry it is economically feasible for buyers to follow the practice of purchasing the input from several suppliers rather that one. The products are unimportant to the quality of the customer’s product or service. The buyers pose a threat of integrating backward to make the garments industry’s products. In the garments industry the supplying industry is comprised of large numbers of relatively small sellers. They are concentrated and buy in large volume. The bargaining power of customers is also described as the market of outputs. The ability of customers to put the industry under pressure, which also affects the customer’s sensitivity to price changes. These factors change with time and firm’s choice of buyers-groups should be regarded as an important element in strategic decision-making. How to cite Bargaining Power Is the Ability to Influence the Setting of Prices, Essay examples

Bargaining Power Is the Ability to Influence the Setting of Prices Free Essays

Bargaining power is the ability to influence the setting of prices. Buyer power refers to the ability of customers of the industry to influence the price and terms of purchase. The bargaining power of customers is also described as the market of outputs. We will write a custom essay sample on Bargaining Power Is the Ability to Influence the Setting of Prices or any similar topic only for you Order Now The ability of customers to put the firm under pressure, which also affects the customer’s sensitivity to price changes. Bargaining power of buyers occurs when leverage is given to the buyer and demand for lower prices, increased quality and more services are made. The amount of power enjoyed by a buyer group maybe determined by the concentration of buyers or volume of purchase. Additional occasion for high levels of buyer’s power may occur when the purchase represents a large portion of the buyer’s overall expenditures, if differentiation and switching costs are low, if there is likelihood of backward integration and if the buyer is fully informed about demand, market prices and supplier cost. The power of buyers is the impact that customers have on a producing industry. In general, when buyer power is strong, the relationship to the producing industry is near to what an economist terms a monophony a market in which there are many suppliers and one buyer. Under such market conditions, the buyer sets the price. In reality few pure monopolies exist, but frequently there is some asymmetry between a producing industry and buyers. The following tables outline some factors that determine buyer power. Buyers are Powerful if: Buyers purchase a significant proportion of output distribution of purchases or if the product is standardized. or example-Circuit City and Sears’ large retail market provides power over appliance manufacturers. Buyers are weak if: Buyers are fragmented, no buyer has any particular influence on product or price. For example in garments industry there are so many kinds of customers there in the market. Prices are set by supply and demand and the market reaches the Pareto-optimal point where the highest possible number of buyers ar e satisfied at a price that still allow for the supplier to be profitable. In garments industry some of them are facing powerful buyers and some are facing weak buyers. ike sub-dealer of boo tic stores have a limited set of potential clients, each commanding a large share of their market these industries are having strong buyers. When retailers face individual consumers with little or no power at all that means now the garments industry has a weak buyer. In the garments industry it is economically feasible for buyers to follow the practice of purchasing the input from several suppliers rather that one. The products are unimportant to the quality of the customer’s product or service. The buyers pose a threat of integrating backward to make the garments industry’s products. In the garments industry the supplying industry is comprised of large numbers of relatively small sellers. They are concentrated and buy in large volume. The bargaining power of customers is also described as the market of outputs. The ability of customers to put the industry under pressure, which also affects the customer’s sensitivity to price changes. These factors change with time and firm’s choice of buyers-groups should be regarded as an important element in strategic decision-making. How to cite Bargaining Power Is the Ability to Influence the Setting of Prices, Essay examples